Mineral processing, art of treating crude ores and mineral products in order to separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock, or gangue. It is the first process that most ores undergo after mining in order to provide a more concentrated material for the procedures of extractive metallurgy.
The metal that plays a crucial role in our everyday technology-driven lives.
The precursor of the modern word-processing system was developed in 1936. This device consisted of a kind of automatic typewriter, called an autotypist, that could store and reproduce simple documents. The autotypist used punched paper tape for its storage medium. In 1964 researchers at International Business Machines Corporation …
tin. In tin processing: Refining. There are two methods of refining impure tin. Fire refining is most commonly used and produces tin (up to 99.85 percent) suitable for general commercial use. Electrolytic refining is used on the products of complex ores and to produce a very high grade of tin (up to 99.999 percent). Read More; tungsten
In the offset process—by far the most popular method in use—the inked image is first printed on a rubber cylinder, which then offsets, or transfers, the image to paper or other materials. Because of the flexibility of the rubber cylinder, offset lithography can be used to print on tin, wood, cloth, leather, and rough or smooth paper.
Mining, process of extracting useful minerals from the surface of the Earth, including the seas. A mineral, with a few exceptions, is an inorganic substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition and distinctive physical properties or molecular structure. (One organic
Copper processing - Ores, Refining, Smelting: Principal forms in which copper ores are found include native copper, porphyry copper, massive deposits, and mixed ores. Native copper is simply the metal found unadulterated in nature. Occasionally copper is still found in its native form, but more frequently it is mixed with other minerals, some of which may …
Aluminum processing - Extraction, Alloying, Fabrication: A ductile, silvery white metal usually with dull lustre owing to a surface film of aluminum oxide, aluminum is light, weighing approximately one-third as much as an equal volume of copper or steel. It is corrosion-resistant, is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, reflects both light …
In tin processing: Refining. Vacuum distillation is sometimes used in fire refining. In this process, molten tin is heated in a dense graphite vessel at high temperatures (1,100 to 1,300 °C, or 2,000 to 2,375 °F). A vacuum is applied, and impurities are removed by selective distillation at their… Read More; petroleum refining
Titanium processing - Alloying, Extraction, Fabrication: The atoms of pure titanium align in the solid state in either a hexagonal close-packed crystalline structure, called the alpha (α) phase, or a body-centred cubic structure, called the beta (β) phase. In the pure metal, transformation from the alpha to the beta phase occurs upon heating above 883 °C, but …
Producing tin requires ample supplies of coal, electricity and crude oil. Mines and blast furnaces utilize energy to extract tin ores from the ground and process it into tin. These costs can have a big effect on …
Recycling, recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products, and the purchase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled.
Solid-waste management - Recycling, Composting, Reuse: Separating, recovering, and reusing components of solid waste that may still have economic value is called recycling. One type of recycling is the recovery and reuse of heat energy, a practice discussed separately in incineration. Composting can also be considered a recycling …
Metallurgy - Alloying, Refining, Smelting: Almost all metals are used as alloys—that is, mixtures of several elements—because these have properties superior to pure metals. Alloying is done for many reasons, typically to increase strength, increase corrosion resistance, or reduce costs. In most cases, alloys are mixed from commercially pure …
Silver processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Silver has long been valued for its white metallic lustre, its ability to be readily worked, and its resistance to the corrosive effects of moisture and oxygen. The lustre of …
Other articles where joining is discussed: tin processing: Tin-based solders: …tin is in solders for joining metals. The most common solders are basically alloys of lead and tin. Since these metals can be alloyed across the whole range of proportions, an infinite number of compositions is possible; in practice, though, most solders contain from 30 to 70 …
Mercury processing - Extraction, Refining, Recovery: The pyrometallurgical extraction of mercury from its ore is essentially a distillation process. When heat is applied to the sulfide ore in the presence of air, oxygen combines with the sulfur to form sulfur dioxide, and the metal is liberated at a temperature above its boiling point. The gases are then passed …
Tin is found mainly in the ore cassiterite, or tinstone, a dioxide of tin. Before smelting, the ore is crushed to a powder and roasted to remove arsenic and sulfur. At the smelter it is …
tintype, positive photograph produced by applying a collodion-nitrocellulose solution to a thin, black-enameled metal plate immediately before exposure.The tintype, introduced in the mid-19th century, was essentially a variation on the ambrotype, which was a unique image made on glass, instead of metal.Just as the ambrotype was a negative whose …
Tin Mining Process. Tin is extracted by roasting the mineral cassiterite with carbon in a furnace to approximately 2500 degrees …
Columbite concentrates and tin slags with a high tantalum content (greater than 10 percent) are directly dressed in most cases by a wet chemical process. Low-tantalum tin slags, on the other hand, are first melted in …
Tin processing - Mining, Concentrating: Vein deposits, such as those in Bolivia and the United Kingdom, usually occur in granite formations and are recovered by conventional …
Metalwork - Bronze, Brass, Casting: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. In the period of classical antiquity it had a low tin content, generally containing less than 10 percent, because tin was less common and therefore difficult to obtain. Like bronze, brass is an alloy, this time of copper plus zinc. It is often very difficult to distinguish between bronze …
Mining, Extracting, and Processing Tin. There are two primary ways to mine tin. The first and most conventional way is through underground mining. The …
In thorium processing: Ores. The major commercial source of thorium is monazite, an anhydrous rare earth phosphate with the chemical formula (Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO 4. Typically, 3 to 5 percent of the metal content of monazite is thorium (in the form of thorium dioxide, ThO 2). Much of the world's current demand… Read More; tin. In tin processing: Ores
Ask the Chatbot a Question Ask the Chatbot a Question titanium processing, the extraction of titanium from its ores and the preparation of titanium alloys or compounds for use in various products.. Titanium (Ti) is a soft, ductile, silvery gray metal with a melting point of 1,675 °C (3,047 °F). Owing to the formation on its surface of an oxide film that is …
Tin processing - Smelting, Alloying, Refining: The industrial uses of tin fall into two basic categories. On the one hand, there are major traditional uses, such as tinplate, coatings, …
Titanium processing - Compounds, Alloys, Oxides: Titanium oxide is widely prized for its opaque quality in coatings, plastics, high-gloss paints, ceramics, industrial enamels, paper, and inks. The compound is nontoxic and is the most common white pigment in the world. Titanium carbide (TiC) is used extensively for cutting tools because of its combination of …
Aluminum processing - Ores, Refining, Alloying: Aluminum is the third most abundant element on Earth's surface. Only oxygen and silicon are more common. Earth's crust to a depth of 16 km (10 miles) contains 8 percent aluminum. Aluminum has a strong tendency to combine with other common elements and so rarely occurs in nature in the metallic …
Nickel processing - Extraction, Refining, Alloying: The extraction of nickel from ore follows much the same route as copper, and indeed, in a number of cases, similar processes and equipment are used. The major differences in equipment are the use of higher-temperature refractories and the increased cooling required to accommodate the higher operating …
Niobium processing - Alloying, Refining, Applications: Demands in the construction, transportation, and energy industries for stronger, tougher, more formable, and more weldable steel brought the development of the family of HSLA steels. As noted above, the addition of niobium to these steels gives rise to the improved properties while allowing a …
Other articles where solder is discussed: tin processing: Tin-based solders: A second large application of tin is in solders for joining metals. The most common solders are basically alloys of lead and tin. Since these metals can be alloyed across the whole range of proportions, an infinite number of compositions is possible; in practice,…
Iron processing, use of a smelting process to turn the ore into a form from which products can be fashioned. Included in this article also is a discussion of the mining of iron and of its preparation for smelting. Iron (Fe) is a …
Ask the Chatbot a Question Ask the Chatbot a Question magnesium processing, preparation of magnesium ore for use in various products.. Magnesium (Mg) is a silvery white metal that is similar in appearance to aluminum but weighs one-third less. With a density of only 1.738 grams per cubic centimetre, it is the lightest structural metal …